Howards Utopia Essay - 1471 Words

The notion of â€Å"Garden City†, famously explored by Ebenezer Howard was a solution intended to bring together the economic and cultural advantages of both city and country living. He sees it as an alternative to the congested urban areas in England. Canberra –the capital city of Australia differs from the garden city proper, a city that is perhaps not what Howard wished garden city to be. Nonetheless Canberra is a city that incorporates many of the garden city principles and in this essay I will argue that Canberra indeed is a garden city, as Canberra is build on central garden city concepts such as public ownership of land, limited growth and population in the city and a balance between town and country. Whilst Canberra may not be a true†¦show more content†¦However, this system did not benefits citizens in any collective ways and is gradually been abolished (Czamanski and Benchetrit 2004). Howard’s vision of social reform achieved through community ownership of land never materialised. While Canberra was deeply touched by his idea, yet the direct economic impact is some what minimal. Garden city was subject to limited growth and limited population. Howard (1965) anticipated that the garden city would have a population of 30,000-32,000 in the town and other 2,000 in the agricultural lands. When the city reaches its limits, it would replicate itself in a new community separated by a greenbelt yet connected by railways. The published sketch in figure 1 suggests the garden city to be circular, though Howard (1965) conceded that the shape was suggestive. Canberra was not expected to be a large city. Still, Griffin planned the city for 45,000, this was reached by 1960. By 1965 it was 78,000 and in 2004 the population was around 330,000. The population is anticipated to grow to 500,000 in the next 25 years. (Firth n.d) This does not show any indication of limited population that Howard wants in the garden city. Nevertheless, the National Capital Development Commission (1984) did took the ideas of Howard’s garden city growth concept refined it and developed the Y- Plan as a strategy to cope with Canberra’s long-termShow MoreRelatedThe Garden City By Ebenezer Howard1813 Words   |  8 Pagespotentially take them out of their current condition. Utopia, though, is difficult to define, but within the context of this time period it is defined as â€Å"a belief in the perfectibility of humanity—a basic goodness in human nature† (Tarlow, 301). By this definition, one of the only ideas of this time period that was truly utopian was the Garden City Movement. The Garden City Concept was created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898. The ideas of it are outlined in Howard’s book: Garden Cities of To-morrow. It is utopianRead MoreEssay on Utopia785 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican nation. In Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs and Utopia by Thomas Moore, we are presented two life styles, which some might consider very similar in various ways. Both authors focus on a peaceful living lifestyle, to better the people of the nation. Although some of their specific details are different, I believe that Jacobs would definitely approve of the features that More develops in Utopia. Utopia occupies a crescent-shaped island that curves in on itself, enclosing aRead MoreEbenezer Howard And The Garden City1714 Words   |  7 Pagesof greater power and wealth. Howard believed that just as a machine can be improved, so can a society. A properly functioning society takes on those same attributes as the machine such as a precise and well calculated appearance, which, along with Howard’s idea of cooperation explains the circular geometry and symmetry seen in the plans of the Garden City (garden city p41). A major part of his city plan was that every building would be â€Å"so placed to secure maximum utility and convenience†(garden cityRead MoreThe Practice Of The Garden City Ideas1567 Words   |  7 PagesThe practice of the Garden City Ideas The first two garden cities built according to Howard’s ideas were Letchworth, started in 1903 and Welwyn, begun in 1920. http://cashewnut.me.uk/WGCbooks/bigImages/web-WGC-books-1925-1-04.jpg During the entire initial construction of Letchworth, only one tree was felled, and an agriculture area surrounding the town was included in the plan. That is the first â€Å"Green Belt†. The city was divided into different areas like residential area, industry area and publicRead MoreTaking a Look at Garden Cities1876 Words   |  8 Pages Garden cities, whether the appropriate concept in sustainable urban planning? Introduction It is widely acknowledged that Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City stimulated many significant urban design achievements in worldwide. Whether the theory is still suitable for sustainable urban planning in twenty-one century has been widely discussed. Some approvers argue that Howard provided the idea of self-sufficiency and limited growths still remain. However, the theory has been denounced because it is tooRead More Walt Disney and Jet-Age City Planning Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pages The look of the city and the layout of the enclosed communities looked strikingly similar to past garden city projects. Image borrowed from Waltopia. The similarities between Disneys dream and that of Ebenezer Howard are striking. Howards Garden city was designed in concentric circles with the center of all the circles being a large garden and park that was encircled by a Crystal Palace. In EPCOT, rings that formed the concentric layout of the city would divide the town. The outer-mostRead MoreLe Corbusier ( The Contemporary City / Radiant City2294 Words   |  10 Pagesvertical cities that were dependent on public infrastructure (subways under large roads); and buildings that utilized function over design, and placed extremely close together would create the modern urban utopia. The Radiant City is Le Corbusier’s second attempt at creating an urban utopia, but rather than emphasizing only the built environment, he tries to inject what he believed to be the five elements of the urban space; the sun, sky, trees, steel, and cement (Wesley, 1982, p 104). His idealRead MoreDr. Howard, Le Corbusier, And Frank Lloyd Wright Essay1824 Words   |  8 Pagesshaped the lives and ideas of three very influential men: Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. They took their own experiences and redesigned the sprawling metropolis to improve the lives of the residents. Each man created urban utopias that included green spaces, farms, and parks to improve air quality and the livelihoods of the people. Despite theses similar views, each design differed from the others. Howard, Le Corbusier, and Wright all completely reimagined the urban city inRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pages1969), thanks to auxiliary construction, Von Neumann and Morgenstern succeed in making them consistent in TGEB. Thus he explains how the suggestions formulated by Von Neumann and Morgenstern came to be at the origin of such heterodox projects as Howard’s theory of metagames and Schelling’s idea of focal points. Finally, he examines the extensions that might be given them. Metagames lead to a more general analysis of each player’s subjective representations of the game, and focal points lead toRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesinhabitants. The government provided major subsidies and all the new cities held both public and private construction. France, however, adopted the high-rise apartment model advocated by the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier more than Ebenezer Howard’s low-rise model. The two towns to the west of Paris extended the uppermiddle-class patterns of that sector, producing suburban developments with both high-rise and low-rise accommodations. The three new towns to the east, however, attracted populations

Essay on The Functions of Stereotypes in Propaganda

The Functions of Stereotypes in Propaganda A leader with no followers is a guy taking a walk. Good leaders whether it be opinion or political, rarely if ever walk by themselves. The information theydisseminate more often than not leaves them with a hoard of followers that conform to their ideas or cause. The circulated information is known as propaganda. The Webster dictionary defines propaganda as, ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further ones cause or to damage an opposing cause. Propaganda has been around for a long time; the earliest use of the word was in connection with religious missionary activity in the 16th century (Hardwood). Contemporary propaganda for the most part is information or disinformation,†¦show more content†¦Each individual harbors a large number of stereotypes and established tendencies; from this arsenal the propagandist must select those easiest to mobilize, those those which will give the greatest strength to the action he wants to precipitate(Ellul) Every individual already harbors a considerable amount of stereotypes. It is the propagandists job to play on these stereotypes in order to create a strong band of propaganda. These pre-conceived notions, only strengthen the power of propagandists to manipulate, since it is very hard to contradict somebodys personal beliefs or what they hold to be true. In any case, stereotyping is a very strong tool in propaganda and that is why they have such an exceptional relationship. Stereotypes function as the tool that drives the message home to the audience. When it is coupled with propaganda, stereotypes become something that the masses can relate to. If they constantly see the same stereotypes being replayed again and again they certainly will start to buying into the propaganda. In order for propaganda to be successful the propagandist must know the current tendencies and stereotypes of the public that he is trying to reach. (Ellul) When a stereotype is known to the propagandist they will try to milk it for everything it is worth because this is what will help them disseminate their propaganda. An example of stereotyping in propaganda would be a study conducted byShow MoreRelated Propaganda and Stereotyping Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesPropaganda and Stereotyping Propaganda: a word that is commonly underestimated in its power. Confused with advertisement, people tend to take the disasters caused by propaganda lightly. One such disaster is the stereotype – a felicity confused with the truth. In this research paper, a closer attention will be given to the propaganda generation of stereotypes about a specific age group; how easily and believable stereotypes are carried by propaganda tactics on youth will be presented. ThroughoutRead More Politics, Propaganda, and Hate Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesPolitics, Propaganda, and Hate Propaganda is very important issue in our society. The word propaganda however, has a very negative connotation. This may happen because people tend to associate it with the enormous campaigns that were waged by Hitler and Stalin, (Delwiche 2002). Now propaganda has a different face. It may not be as obvious as but it is used regurlarly by politicians, companies and others who are interested in influencing our behaviour. Propaganda is the control of opinionRead More Stereotypes, Discrimination and Prejudice Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes, Discrimination and Prejudice If a young girl is walking alone through a park late at night and encounters three senior citizens walking with canes and three teenage boys wearing leather jackets, it is likely that she will feel threatened by the latter and not the former. Why is this so? To start off, we have made a generalization in each case. By stereotyping, we assume that a person or group has certain characteristics. Often, these stereotypical generalizations are not accurateRead MoreEssay on Media Propaganda and Stereotypes1645 Words   |  7 PagesOur society consists of consumers that buy into stereotypes and the propaganda that is being fed by the government and the media. Stereotypes steer individuals perceptions of a group of people in a certain way, usually negative, and generalize that opinion to all members of the group. Aware of the influence stereotypes have on peoples views, governments use stereotypes already imbedded in society as a propaganda tactic to persuade peoples thoughts, opinions and beliefs in order to benefit theirRead MoreRacial and Ethnic Stereotypes2263 Words   |  10 Pagesthe exact description of stereotypes. Stereotypes as implicit from the description, goes mostly hand in hand with media -- only not the standard meaning of the blameless media we know. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is somewhat described as media treatment. In this paper, the subsequent will be discussed: first, how stereotypes of ethnic groups operate in propaganda, why does it function so satisfactorily, and finally, the consequences of these stereotypes on the life of EgyptiansRead MoreFilms Made During World War II1628 Words   |  7 Pages1945, emphasises the use of film by government for the purpose of propaganda. The representations of war within similar texts promote an incomplete understanding of popular conceptions of life during the period. Consequently, the issues with this film as a historical source stress the overt influence of the director, and by ex tension, the government. This underlying intent behind the film is seen through the distinct purpose of propaganda strategy. The purpose-based production highlights the reciprocalRead MoreStereotyping986 Words   |  4 Pagestodays society people are stereotyped in different many ways. In today’s society, there are stereotypes for almost any groups that individuals belong to. At some point in any person’s life, they would have experienced stereotyping. For instance, it is often said that all African Americans are good at basketball, males are more aggressive than females, Lawyers are deceitful, and the list goes on. Stereotypes are so wide spread and used so often that they seem to be a natural behaviour for human beingsRead MoreCentral Themes in the Work of Jacques Ellul708 Words   |  3 PagesJacques Ellul was a professor of history and the Sociology of Institutions on the Faculty of Law and Economic Sciences at the University of Bordeaux. He wrote 58 books and mo re than a thousand articles over his career, many of which discussed propaganda, the influence of technology on society, and also the correlation between religion and politics. The central theme of Ellul’s work proved to be the threat to human freedom and religion shaped by modern technology. Ellul’s continual concern wasRead MoreMovie Analysis : The World Apart 1739 Words   |  7 Pagesthe male counterparts relationship. There is a myriad of examples of how the director or author shape the narrative by using stereotypes, but this will focus on a short story A World Apart written by RÃ… ¯Ã… ¾ena Jesenskà ¡, a film Daisies directed by VÄ›ra Chytilovà ¡, and the propaganda film, Confidant. A common focus will be on how the directors or authors reject the gender stereotype that women are the submissive(quiet, calm, polite) and domestic (following a man’s lead). Daisies is a comedy-drama film thatRead MoreMass Media and Stereotypes710 Words   |  3 Pagesof stereotypes in our present-day world, by broadcasting information and entertainment to a variety of audiences. Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a common understanding of a person or group of people. Media ranges from television, press, books, radio, and the internet. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is described as manipulation. It is a powerful factor that influences our beliefs and attitudes about others. Race, gender, and economic (class status) stereotypes continue

Why Should We Respect Difference in Others Free Essays

Guillermo NigaglioniSeptember 25, 2010 Ad English-02Mrs. Wanda Miranda Why Should We Respect Difference in Others Everyone has a quality that makes them different from other people. If you don’t like or respect other’s qualities, they will do the same to you and you won’t like that. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Should We Respect Difference in Others or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, if you don’t like that quality, don’t tell them. Just keep it to yourself and no one gets their feelings hurt. Others can also hate you for your own qualities because no one is perfect especially people that say that they are perfect. ome qualities can be the same, but at least one thing has to be different from other people. There are many ways to try to treat one’s differences with respect. One of those ways is trying not to insult them or make fun of them. For example, they might have a new type of hair and it may look funny, but don’t say it out loud. Another way is to listen to them when they speak. Don’t ignore them when they speak because they could do the same to you. Finally, you could respect them by being sensitive with their feelings. If you see someone crying, help them and discover why they are crying. Some of the people you really need to respect are your friends and family. Your friends are people that respect you if you treat them well. They can be sensitive to your needs as well as you beings sensitive to their needs. They can stop being your friends if you don’t respect their differences. Your family is the group of people that respect you the most. If you have a different quality than any other of your family members, they can respect you for it and you can respect them for their qualities. Respecting other’s beliefs is important when we talk about taste. For example: I like apple and you like peach; I like blue cars and you like red cars. We all have different types of likes and dislikes, so we have to respect that because not everyone is the same. Also, we can criticize our own opinions and other’s opinions to identify the â€Å"correct† one because not everyone is correct with their own opinions. We all believe in different things which is why we need to respect each other for it and we can discuss it in a calm and respectful way. To end my opinion essay, I think we should respect difference in others because no one is ever the same, even when you’re twins. The qualities that make us different can be the same to other people, but we still have at least one thing that make us different. You can believe whatever you want, but we all believe different things and we can respect that. Respecting is an important quality if you like to have many friends. You can respect the different qualities they have and you can respect that so that you make a difference in the world. How to cite Why Should We Respect Difference in Others, Essay examples

Ellen Foster Essay Research Paper Ellen Foster free essay sample

Ellen Foster Essay, Research Paper Ellen Foster, the character in Kaye Gibbons # 8217 ; novel Ellen Foster, is a immature miss that is fighting to last and happen her manner in the universe. Ellen is deprived of a normal childhood. Her life as a kid is highly difficult, physically and emotionally. She neer had a female parent or male parent to take attention of her throughout her young person. Ellen is able to accept her hard childhood as normal by barricading out her jobs since she is non accustomed to anything else. Any normal kid would endure mentally, but Ellen develops strength through her obstructions. The fact that Ellen is a kid she performs grownup jobs proves someplace indoors of her she has strength to transport on with her life. Ellen # 8217 ; s mother commits self-destruction and she left to take attention of non merely herself, but her bibulous male parent every bit good. We will write a custom essay sample on Ellen Foster Essay Research Paper Ellen Foster or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She does non even believe twice about paying measures and fixing nutrient for herself she besides attends school without the aid from anyone. Ellen has the alone strength and bravery to go on with life the harder it becomes. I believe Ellen obtains some of her inward strength from disregarding and barricading her jobs from herself temporarily. She still feels hurting from her female parent # 8217 ; s decease and expresses how she does non desire speak about her female parent. She says, # 8220 ; When it came my bend to speak and state all I marched myself right back out of the library room and out the doors # 8221 ; ( 24 ) . However, after this incident, Ellen walks place with her best friend Starletta, as if nil out of the ordinary had occurred. This demonstrates how she still feels hurting but blocks it out and carries on with life. Ellen continues to happen strength in her invariably altering place life. The maltreatment that she suffers at the custodies of her drunken male parent finally allows her to populate with her instructor. Ellen begins to see life as a normal kid would. Her painful memories of her male parent are still hidden in her head and steal out from clip to clip. Ellen provinces, # 8220 ; Once I got him in my caput it was difficult to agitate him out # 8221 ; ( 48 ) . Even though she thinks about him she contin ues to demo her strength and the attention she receives from her instructor makes life for Ellen easier. Her life agreement displacements one time more is forced to populate with her grandma who at times expresses deep hate for Ellen. Ellen realizes this and says, â€Å"Some yearss I felt like I was in a anguish chamber and counted the yearss until school† ( 63 ) . Her grandma even forces her to make manual labour over the summer in a cotton field. Ellen manages to keep her caput high and even makes a friend with a coworker through the hot summer yearss. Ellen seems to do the best out of a atrocious state of affairs and continues to happen strength everyday. Ellen has a dream maintaining her spirit alive. She even makes a list of what her # 8220 ; ideal household # 8221 ; would be like. Ellen says, # 8220 ; I had non figured out how to travel about acquiring one but I had a feeling it could be got # 8221 ; ( 67 ) . Her dream of a perfect place gives Ellen the excess staying power to go on on when times seemed unsmooth. Her grandma dies while she is populating at that place and once more Ellen is shuffled to another family. Ellen stays with her Aunt Nadine, which for the most portion she enjoys. However, her cousin Dora is the apple of her Aunt # 8217 ; s oculus and this fusss Ellen. Dora is besides a really clannish miss which bothers Ellen so much she wants to revolt. For the first clip in her life Ellen realizes how strong she truly is and makes a base for herself. Her verbal statement with her household is a turning point that sends her to ultimate felicity even though Ellen is non cognizant of it at the clip. Ellen finds her felicity in her Foster female parent # 8217 ; s house. Ellen moves for the last clip in to a surrogate place. Her surrogate female parent gives Ellen everything that she of all time wanted in a household. She easy begins to mend from her past experiences. Ellen # 8217 ; s strength gives her a new out expression on life. She even says, # 8220 ; Two old ages ago I did non hold much of anything. Not that I live in the lap of luxury now but I am proud for the schoolbus to pick me up here # 8221 ; ( 2 ) . Ellen # 8217 ; s strength helped draw her through difficult times and gives her the power to stand on her ain land and get the better of her painful childhood.

The role of womens labor in British Columbia

Factors Affecting Food choice The WritePass Journal

Factors Affecting Food choice 1. Introduction Factors Affecting Food choice 1. Introduction2. Literature review3. Theory4. Research analysis5. Impact of culture on the choice of food6. Current situation and how these reflect on our identity 7. Social context8. Conclusion9. ReferenceRelated 1. Introduction The study of food is an important area of contemporary and anthropological concern. It is an essential component in our daily lives. Besides providing the basic energy and sustenance necessary for life, it is a way of forging a personal connection with families and friends. While food may not seem to be an obvious marker of identity, it plays a crucial role in demarcating cultural identity. Most importantly, it is a reflection of who we are. Understanding the choice of diet is a complex endeavor discussed in various disciplines such as nutrition, economics, psychology, physiology and sociology. Food related behavior is influenced by a several variables. The three major determinants outlined by various models are the physical properties, psychological and social factors (Rozin, 2006). This paper explores on its cultural impact among individuals in different societies. Emphasis has been made on its role in social structure. Further, key factors determining the choice of food have been highlighted. The research question being answered here is â€Å"Does what we eat define who we are and where we come from?† 2. Literature review Much of existing literature has been broad based focusing on issues of health, quality and food safety.   Studies on the factors affecting the choice of food are still few. In a study on the culinary habits in Hong Kong, David, Siumi Sidney (2002) were fascinated with the findings of their research. In their title â€Å"A study of food culture, changing tastes and identity in popular discourse†, they analyzed food and cultural identity in the context of demographic and family structure in Hong Kong. Their analysis revealed a process of culinary invention which reflected the larger social and cultural trends. Madison McFarlin (2009) studies revealed that the history of Britain had played a crucial role determining their cultural foods. The Romans brought cherries, peas, cabbages and stinging nettles. The Danes and the Vikings developed techniques for smoking and drying fish (Madison McFarlin, 2009). During the 12th century, the Normans did not only invade the country, but also changed their feeding habits. They encouraged consumption of beef, mutton and drinking of wine. This greatly influenced the diet of the British. These studies have immensely contributed in the coverage of the factors determining the choice diet. Consumer perceptions and attitudes towards their diets say a lot about them. 3. Theory Food is certainly one of the most favorite obsessions in human beings. We spend most of our time physically and mentally preoccupied with it.   Human beings must procure, select, prepare and consume food so as to sustain their daily growth. However, the manner in which they do so reflect a complex interrelationship and interaction between individuals, culture and the society.   (Anderson, 2005).   Eating has implications on how we relate to the larger culture and what we think of ourselves.   It is experienced differently through cultural traditions and forms an important part of our daily lifestyle. It presents a lot about our culture and defines where we come. Human beings are believed to differ from cultural habits in most regions in the world. The importance of food in understanding the cultural background lies precisely in its infinite variability. These variables include ingredients used, ways of preservation, preference, customs and beliefs (Conner Armitage, 2002). While anthropological study may arrange these variables systematically and provide a convincing explanation as to why the go together, the research posed here uses culture in relating these variables. 4. Research analysis Studies have confirmed that particular foods can inspire vivid memories (Carole Esterik, 1999). For example, people tend to develop great affection for foods taken during their childhood. This is because it reminds them of a particular time when life was less complicated. These memories are important because they provide us with a reflection of who we are. Sometimes, it reminds us of the past struggles against traditions. For instance, immigrant children are fond of shunning their traditional dietary food, and instead embrace the mainstream eating patterns even if the food is not that good. It should be noted that while human beings grow, they begin to craft their own identities separate from that prescribed by the traditions. People change their eating habits as a symbol of differentiating themselves from the roots embedded in their culture. Consequently, what we eat reflects our broader values. How we procure, select, prepare and consume food provides a reflection on what we value. Is economy and self discipline an important value to us? Does it provide us an opportunity to demonstrate our skill? Or is it deliberately simply a rebellion of our values. A simple illustration is with the American government where the current fascination with obscure regional food traditions is a reflection of authenticity and simplicity in the lives of the Americans (Mason Singer, 2006). Different countries and nations associate themselves with certain diets. For example, Italians mainly prefer eating pizza and pasta as their main cultural diet.   Chinese foods are often associated with flavorings such as ginger root, soy sauce and rice. Similarly, wine, lime, tomato and chili pepper are attributed to the Mexican cuisine (Logue, 2004). In Britain, Curry is the most popular food. Britain’s obsession with Indian Curry can be traced back to a time when India was still under British Empire. The fusion between the British and Indian culture is inescapably intertwined. Some of diet that falls in the category of Indian food was developed by British expatriates in India. Other dishes have however resulted from Indian immigration to the UK. Most dishes are now referred to as Indian yet they are a result of the fusion between the British and American Cuisines. This shows complex interrelationship portrayed by the two cultures and hence an important reflection of their cultural historical background. British children eat according to the directives of their guardians or parents. Some parents may at times take their children to fast food restaurants like McDonalds.   However, most of the junky stuff obtained from these restaurants often leads to obesity. A situation characterized by increased mass content which affects both the adults and children. 5. Impact of culture on the choice of food Culture refers to the style of behavior or pattern that a group of people share. Generally, people within the same culture share the same assemblage of food variables while those of different cultures have different assemblage of these variables. As such we find same eating patterns and habits dominating within the same culture while people from different cultures exhibit entirely different eating habits.. It is important to note that these habits are not necessarily homogeneous within the same culture. People of different occupations or classes eat differently. Moreover, different religious sects have different eating codes. The type of occasion may at times determine what we eat. For example, the meal for a daily routine is totally different from that taken when mourning. It is a known fact that people differ in taste and preference. People in various stages of their lives eat differently.   These differences are rooted in evolutionary and genetic heritage. While some of the differences are those of preference, others are downright prescribed. Identifying these differences and relating them to facets of social life is important in understanding the cultural impact of food among individuals in different societies (Gabaccia, 2000). Cultural influences often lead to difference in habitual consumption of foods. However, these influences are amenable to change. For example, immigrants may at times adopt a different diet and eating pattern different from that of the local culture. Dietary change is however not an easy task as it requires alteration in habits built over a lifetime Over hundreds of years, diets have been shaped by the local culture. Foods have immensely contributed in defining the culture and identity of many nations. The Italian, Mexican, Chinese and French foods have evolved independently with unique characteristics. The Southern diet in America has heavily been influenced by French traditions For a long time, food has played a prominent role in the society. It permeates many facets of our daily life. More so, the choice of diet is largely shaped by the socio cultural context and our own cognitive appraisal. This portrays much about our culture and style within the societal context. Generally, our eating habits and preference are often determined by the culture. The cultural environment dictates the type of diet and how they can be eaten. For example, insects and caterpillars are often shunned by most cultures; however, these components form an integral food source in Asian and Latin American countries. 6. Current situation and how these reflect on our identity Today, people eat food with origins in culture different from their own. For instance, In the United States, most of the dishes originated elsewhere yet these dishes have been modified to suit the popularity and taste of the mainstream. In the recent past, there has been increased incorporation of ethnic Cuisines into the diet of Americans. This is a reflection of the adaptability and flexibility of the Americans. Foods from Middle East, Asia and Latin American have also been incorporated into the American diet (Warde et al, 2000). Americans flexibility and adaptability portrayed by the successive generations experimenting with their neighbors’ customary diet illuminate the market place as one of the most important arena for defining our relations and expressing our identities. Americanized foods such as the spaghetti coexist happily with ethnic dishes and creative hybrids. Americans’ multi-ethnic eating is a constant reminder of how ethnic interaction is widespread and mutually enjoyable in the United States. Amid the existing wrangles over tribal differences and immigration, this reveals that the Americans on a basic level are multicultural. 7. Social context Social influences on the type of diet and our eating pattern is not a new phenomenon. The choice of food is influenced by social factors because our eating habits and attitude develop through interaction with others. Quantifying the impact on food intake is however difficult. Social influence on customary diet manifests itself through friendship and families. Dietary traditions vary widely around the globe. Even people from the same cultural background may at time portray different eating patterns. However, it can be associated with hospitality and friendship. While the customary diets vary, being able to share portray a sense of hospitality and friendship. Sharing of customary diets has not only transformed the cuisines of the Americans and Europeans, but also the Asian and African countries. Sharing ethnic diets is a way of sharing culture and this portrays our hospitality and friendship towards other cultures. Research studies from social sciences and psychology have emphasized on a strong relationship on the choice of food, culture and lifestyle. Evaluation of ourselves is easily made basing on the choice of food and brand selection. 8. Conclusion In summary, there are intrinsically no right ways of eating. While it may seem bizarre to others to eat certain types of food, these form part of the integral diet of other cultures. Clearly, the choice of food is largely determined by our culture. How we eat and what we eat reveals a lot about our history and defines who we are. 9. Reference Anderson.E (2005), Everyone eats: understanding food and culture, NYU press Carole.C Esterik.P (1997), Food and culture, Routledge Conner. M. Armitage. C (2002), Applying social psychology: The social psychology of food, Buckingham, Open University Press David, Siumi Sidney (2002), The globalization of Chinese foods, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press Gabaccia.D (2000), We are what we eat: Ethnic food and the making of Americans, Harvard university press Gabaccia.D Donna R. (1998). We Are What We Eat. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Logue. A.W (2004), The psychology of eating and drinking, New York, Brunner-Routledge Madison.D McFarlin.P (2009), What we eat when we eat alone, Gibbs smith Mason.J Singer.P (2006), The way we eat: why our food choices matter, Rodale books publishers Rozin. P (2006), The integration of biological, social, cultural and psychological influence on food choice, Wallingford, Oxfordshire CABI publishers. Teff. K. Engelman. K (1996), Palatability and dietary restraint: Effect on cephalic phase insulin release in women. Journal of Physiology Behavior, 60(2), 567–573 Warde, Alan, Martens, Lydia (2000), Eating Out. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

ITM501 MoD 3 SLP the internet as social media Essay

ITM501 MoD 3 SLP the internet as social media - Essay Example It is interesting to note that Twitter was never designed with the intention of being used as a social media website. It was primarily designed as an instant messaging communication platform with a client company. The company touts of having approximately 140 million active users as in 2012 and being the ninth/tenth â€Å"most visited† website (Bullas) (Webneel, 2013). Its initial success is attributed to the novelty of the platform which came as Ð ° breakthrough from others such as Facebook and Orkut. Over the period, Twitter has added features such as expandable tweets and Twitpics to enhance user experience. I found the Twitter platform relatively straightforward and simple. This is because of the company’s usage of features such as the Follow and Tweet buttons, search option and â€Å"embeddable Tweets† (Ellin, 2011, Twitter Developers, 2013). The feature of embeddable tweets is particularly useful as it allows users to convey a brief story through a â€Å" line of code† or keywords that can help others follow the story by searching for it anywhere on the web (Ellin, 2011). I was able to generate fair amount of political and general discussion regarding recent economic events in U.S by simply quoting the key words and getting connected with others to shared views on similar topics. Also, these short stories compare with Facebook’s status updates although the reference properties of the former make it easy to share the stories/updates. Twitter also offers tremendous support for bloggers including its own domain â€Å"Twitter Blogs† with RSS feeds support and easy integration of Twitter content onto blogs using the embeddable tweets. However, my use of embeddable tweets was still fairly simple considering that I am not a blogger and cannot possibly use it on platforms other than Twitter and Facebook. Furthermore, in order to counter its competitors including LinkedIn, Twitter has introduced â€Å"Twellow† which allows people to search for other people on Twitter via their expertise or occupations. I found this particularly useful for finding my colleagues and connecting with them on Twitter. It also allowed me to find old friends (with whom I hadn’t recently been in touch) and connect with them. Various categories including Recreation, Entertainment, Culture, Computers, Sports and Government are listed which allows users of similar taste to group themselves and share content (iEntry, 2013). This is a useful application of the famous phrase â€Å"birds of feather flock together†. However, the Twitter experience was a bit more complex than my experience with Facebook as it took a lot of time making sense of the features. At the very least, discovering how to actually tweet was complex as tags had to be used for creating the story. Furthermore, it was monotonous to merely tweet and not engage in other interactive content such as games. On the other hand, the ‘twit picâ₠¬â„¢ option compares with other platforms such as Instagram by offering the latest ‘trending’ pictures (Twitpic, Inc., 2013). I was able to view several personal life photographs of my favorite celebrities such as Kim Kardishan’s baby- North. With just one click, I was able to view all photographs uploaded by Kim Kardishan on her official twitter account along with the

Data Sharing between Airlines and International Airlines for Case Study

Data Sharing between Airlines and International Airlines for Scheduling Purposes - Case Study Example s like distance, choice of aircraft, operating speed, night curfews, taxi-times and prevailing winds are considered during allocation of schedule times. From the above explanations, it can be concluded that data sharing is of high significance in the planning for delays. Since factors that affect arrival time are taken into consideration, it results in the development of a realistic schedule and the final effect of this is on-time performance. The main limitation to achieving effectives from data sharing is that in many cases, flights leaving at their designated times arrive after the scheduled arrival time and this has the potential of creating reactionary delays. A limitation imposed on data sharing is on the period of time that airlines can store this data (Strauss, 2010). Passenger name record (PNR) and the codeshare agreement Apart from sharing data for purposes of scheduling, airlines can also share passenger informationlikepassenger name record (PNR). In the past, terrorists h ave used airplanes as weapons against target places or nations. It has also threatened the prosperity of this important business. The main importance of sharing PNRis the deterrence of terrorist travel because it keeps known terrorists of airplanes. However, this can intrude into the privacy of the passengers due to the exchange sensitive information and could also result in the discriminate use of the data. The limitation of this is the inability to deter unpopular or unknown terrorists. The data can only be held for 30 days (The House Committee on Homeland Security, 2011). Codeshare agreement is another important element of cooperation between airlines. Under codeshare, two airlines share the same flight. For example, a seat can be purchased on one airline but a cooperating airline... This essay stresses that the strengths of American Airlines include the size of the fleet, the number of routes, partnerships, the IT infrastructure, and government relations. These strengths can be harnessed and data sharing between the airline and the other airlines made efficient and effective. An important strength in this case is the IT infrastructure. The company can venture into strengthening and innovation of an IT infrastructure that can assist effective and efficient data sharing between the airline and international airline for the scheduling purposes. Partnership can also assist the airline and international airlines to share data effectively. Partnerships will make it easy for the airline companies to share data effectively and make the scheduling of flights easier. This paper makes a conclusion that American Airlines should engage in data sharing for the purposes of scheduling flights. The company has many unprofitable routes and data sharing will assist the company is reducing these unprofitable routes. Partnership with the Asian Airlines is a great opportunity for the company to schedule its flights internationally and in particular within the Asian region. The partnership will offer a great chance for data sharing. From the SWOT analysis of American Airlines, it is evident there are many chances for data sharing between the airline and international airlines; data sharing will assist American Airlines to schedule flights and avoid any inconveniences that may arise due to partial or full absence of data sharing.

Reasearch paper on a poet, a genre, atopic or a special aesthetic Essay

Reasearch paper on a poet, a genre, atopic or a special aesthetic problem. Chinese Classical Poetry - Essay Example Most of the poetry was often sung in teahouses as well as more theatrical venues and eventually evolved into longer stories and sagas and musical histories of the past. Refined for almost three hundred years this period produced near fifty-thousand poems and gave birth to almost three thousand poets. (Owen 21-32) It was also a time of blending philosophical schools of thought. Taoism and Confucianism were of purely Chinese origin and have had deep cultural impact on their society. Buddhism, however, was imported from India and adapted well to the previous two philosophies. All being reevaluated and merged during this dynasty and were often translated to fit more in line with the mores of the Tang period. ..there was an entire school of Tao-te-ching interpretation, known as Twofold Mystery, that took up the dialectic of the Buddhist school known as Madhyamaka (Middle Way). Flourishing in the seventh century under the Tang, it was represented mainly by Cheng Hsuan-ying and Li Jung and represents a thinking that strives for a balance between being and nonbeing, the via positiva and the via negativa in approaching the Tao, rejecting each in turn because any form of comprehension in relation to the ultimate truth of the Tao can only be a means, never an end. (Kohn and Lafargue 134) The following is an example of the subtle change to the original text of the Tao Te Ching is an illustration of this influence. Li Yuehs, a Tang commentator on the Tao Te Ching, created the following changes to the traditional text and this is certainly an example of idiosyncratic personal translation. The last lines of chapter 25 usually read: The difference embodies many of the evolutions to the poetry of the age, showing not so much an order of things but a state of being. Early influences in the Tang dynasty reflect the more natural Taoist bent as there was

Biodiversity Impact Of Invasive Plants In Tropical Biodiversity Biology Essay

Biodiversity Impact Of Invasive Plants In Tropical Biodiversity Biology Essay Tropical zone is the biodiversity hot spot (Briggs, 1996) about three-quarters of the worlds species are confined to the tropic of the world (Wilson, 1992). Though tropical forest ecosystems are more resistant to invasion by alien plants than other biome (Edward, 2009), they are exceedingly threatening by invasive species (Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, biotropica, 2010). Invasive species are creating significant challenges to the management and conservation of the indigenous biodiversity. The distribution of invasive plant species occurred at ecosystem level, community level and at the species level (Meyer et al., 2004). At least one exotic species is present in almost all tropical areas (Usher 1991). Invasive plants alter the local environment more favourable to them but less favourable to the native species (Hoffmann et al., 2004) and thus modified local ecosystem. Biological invasion has become a considerable economic, social, and particularly ecological problem of global impact (Cavalcante and Major, 2006). The important ecological impacts identified include reduction in native plant species richness, abundance and alternation in ecological function (Vitousek Walker, 1989; Adair Groves, 1998; Levine et al., 2003; Ogle, Reiners Gerow, 2003; Vila et al., 2006; Hejda, Pysek Jarosik, 2009 cited in Martin and Murray, 2010). Invasive plant species can covert the large area tropical vegetation to an exotic monoculture and greatly reduce the biodiversity, for example, the number of birds, mammals, tree seedlings were greatly reduced in Australia after the invasion of the area by alien plant species (Braithwaite et al. 1989) and Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) forms large, monotyp ic expanses, with Asia reporting over 35 million acres affected (Garrity et al. 1997). Invasive species are posing a serious threat to biodiversity (IUCN, 2000). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) has pointed that the impacts of invasive species on the tropical ecosystems are increasing rapidly. Similarly, recognizing the increasing issue of impact of invasive species, Convention on Biological Diversity, call on contracting parties to prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate invasive species that threaten ecosystems, habitats and species Article 8 (h). This systematic review attempt to summarises, appraise and communicate the results  of the available studies to address the impact of invasive plants on tropical biodiversity. This protocol will provide a priori guide and allow scientific communities to comment on methodology and other relevant issues. Diverse studies are available related to impact of invasive plant species on tropical biodiversity. Some studies suggest that invasion of native vegetation by the non native plants does not always lead to decline in native biodiversity (e.g. Sax Gaines, 2003; Sax, Kinlan Smith, 2005). Biological invasions have been the subject of intensive ecological research during the last two decades (Fine 2001). Comprehensive studied have been done for many tropical forests e.g. the Hawaiian Islands (Fine, 2002) but some authors argues that the biological invasion research has generally ignored tropical forests ( Drake et al. 1989, Groves Burdon 1986, Williamson 1996 cited in Fine, 2002). In such contentious situation, it seems quite reasonable to syntheses these studies to improve the efficiency of the conservation efforts in preserving biodiversity of the tropics and develop a concrete evidence base on the impact of invasive species which will provide unbiased scientific evidence base to help decision-makers to decide and implement necessary policy intervention to stop further invasion of the tropical biodiversity and identify areas where evidence is lacking to direct research and funding on more crucial agendas. Objective of the review Primary question What are the effects of invasive plants on biodiversity of the tropical zone? Table 1: Definition of components of the primary systematic review question Subject Intervention Comparator Outcomes Biodiversity in the tropical zone Invasion by invasive plant species in tropical zone Biodiversity in forest, savannas or grassland before the invasion or any relevant or any relevant Any reported change in tropical biodiversity e.g. Species richness, abundance of native plant species, tree density Methods 3.1. Search Strategy Relevant published and unpublished literature and data will be collated by following strategy. Due to the resource constraints only English language literatures will be taken into consideration. 3.1.1 Scope of search I will use the following database search to retrieve the literatures and data ISI Web of Knowledge Science Direct Wiley InterScience Cambridge Journal Cab Direct CSA Biological Sciences Database (CSA/CIG)   BIOTROPICA In addition to grey literatures are searched in the website of relevant organization as listed in section 3.1.5 which helps to reveal important information about the tropical forestry and invasive species interaction. First searches are conducted on title, keyword and abstract basis and followed by full text searches. Hits are then checked for the relevance. 3.1.2 Search terms Effective and comprehensive list of related key words as described in the table -2 will be used to retrieve the literatures from the database specified above. Table 2: Search terms for review Subject term Intervention term combine with OR AND combine with OR Tropic* biodiversity Species richness Invas* plant non native plant exotic plant alien plant introduced plant Search term combinations Table: 3 Search term combinations and no of hits Key word 1 Key word 2 Total hits (Topic search) Refined hits in Web of science Tropic* biodiversity AND Invas* plant 54 Tropic* biodiversity AND Non native plant 32 Tropic* biodiversity AND exotic plant 74 Tropic* biodiversity AND alien plant 63 Tropic* biodiversity AND non-indigenous plant 07 Tropic* Species richness AND Invas* plant 38 Tropic* Species richness AND Non native plant 30 Tropic* Species richness AND exotic plant 60 Tropic* Species richness AND alien plant 34 Tropic* Species richness AND non-indigenous plant 04 tropical biodiversity AND (exotic plant) OR (invasive plant) OR(non native plant) OR (non indigenous plant) 7,109 425 No of hits and the retrieval of relevant literature varies between the data base searches, in the above table hits obtained by web of science is mentioned as an example. The same search tem combination give quite different hit in another database search, for example, for the first search term [tropic*biodiversity AND invas*plant] Cab direct retrieved 56 articles. In addition to the web of science the search databases mentioned in section 3.1.1 have been used in the preparation of this protocol and will also be used in final systematic review. 3.1.3 Specialist web sources will be conducted www.conservationevidence.com www.conserveOnline.org www.conservationevidence.org www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov 3.1.4. Internet Search The internet will be searched using the search engines. The first 70 hits for each search will be recorded and examined for relevance. www.google.com www.scholar.google.com www.scirus.com www.scientific.thomsonwebplus.com 3.1.5 Specialist agencies and organization data search At global level: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) IUCN/Invasive species specials group CABI- invasive species compendium Convention on biological diversity (CBD) International Weed Science Society (IWSS) UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) Global Invasive Species Information Network (GISIN) Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) In addition to this regional level agencies and organization in tropical countries will also consulted. Asia: Association of Southeast Asian Nations , Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) Invasive Alien Flora of India Weed Science Society of Japan Weed Science Society of China Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN) Australia: Invasive Species Council South America: Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network IABN Invasive Information Network 3.2. Study Inclusion criteria The relevant studies (articles, literatures, book sections) to be included in meta-analysis will be based in hierarchical judgment by first scanning the article titles followed by key words, abstracts and full text. The relevancy is determined by criteria as described below. If the data presented in the studies are not clear and needed to take more detailed description original authors and their respective organization will be contracted. Kappa analysis will be carried out for repeatability. Disputes between two reviewers will be solved by third independent reviewer. Geographical location: Study area of the relevant studies should be within the tropics (23.438 °S to 137 23.438 °N). 3.2.1. Relevant subjects: Any studies related to biodiversity changes in the tropical zone because of invasive plant species. 3.2.2. Types of intervention: Invasion of the tropical zone (forest land, agriculture land, grass land or savannas) by invasive plant species 3.2.3. Types of comparators: Any relevant studies and studies comparing the biodiversity of the tropical zone assessing before and after the effect of invasive plant species 3.2.4. Types of outcomes: Any study which shows biodiversity change (indicators like relative species richness or abundance) 3.2.5. Types of studies: Any study which describes qualitatively or quantitatively the effect of invasive plant species in the biodiversity (species richness, abundance) in forest land, grassland. Range land, agriculture land, savannas. Those studies which present comparison of before and after the invasion or the comparison of the proportion of exotic species to native species will be included. Studies can be articles in peer reviewed journals, book chapters or grey literatures 3.3. Potential effect modifier and reasons for heterogeneity Different edaphic, biotic, topographic and climatic condition which governs the vegetation type of the tropics such as soil quality, altitude, aspects, forest types and intensity of human disturbances which may respond to plant invasions in different ways affect the study outcomes. Furthermore, the biological characteristics of the invasive species also affect the study. 3.4. Study quality assessment The searched articles, grey literatures and documents will be assesses according to the previously designed study inclusion criteria. These are then checked independently for validity, reliability and applicability. A Quality assessment checklist is developed as shown below with the consultation of the review team and will be amended after stakeholders feedbacks. Internal and external validity will be checked using a set of criteria. Table 4: Quality assessment checklist for checking validity, reliability and applicability Variables Yes No 1 Target population and intervention defined 2 Sample representative 3 Experimental design/randomization 4 Base line information 5 Valid data collection 6 Description of confounding factors 7 Applicability of the research 8 Any biases Source: Adapted from class notes, 2010 and literature review 3.5. Data extraction strategy Qualitative and quantities information will be extracted from the studies included for the review. Information on invasive species, their effects on tropical biodiversity (species richness, abundance and competition) will be extracted in to a specially designed extraction form as shown in annex-1. Where data are available, data will be extracted as before and after data and other data will be extracted as appropriate. 3.6. Data synthesis and presentation Data synthesis method will be determined by the availability of the data and data type. The studies will be grouped according to the type of information available e.g. review article, original research. If sufficient quantitative information is available meta-analysis will be conducted to know the significance of the effect of invasive plant species to the tropical biodiversity. If in sufficient quantitative information is available qualitative analysis of evidence will be undertaken.

Anti-semitism And Sartre :: essays research papers

In Sartre's Anti-Semite and Jew, he makes reference to the notion that anti-Semitism arises not against individual Jews, but against the " idea of the Jew." That is to say that the Jew is recognized only as a member of a group associated with fear and disgust, not as an individual capable of being anything but the stereotype of the Jew. I agree with Sartre's theory as I have seen first hand the disgust associated with being Jewish. The Jew is judged not by his action or words but simply by the fact that he is a Jew, and the preconceived idea of what this means. As discussed in class, Jews have been used as scapegoats throughout history. They have been blamed for countless economical and social problems simply because of the predisposition towards anti-Semitism that most have. To understand this predisposition is easy. It has come from years of unwillingness to assimilate by the Jews. Because of this unwillingness, the Jews have come to be recognized as different and therefore bad, because, as discussed in class, most identify easiest with what is different with the automatic assumption that it is bad. I think another reason for this assumption is the fact that it is easier to judge people than to understand them, as we can clearly see gentiles have done continuously throughout history to the Jews.Consequently, throughout history, the anti-Semite has come to adopt an "idea of the Jew", of his nature, and of his role in society. As Sartre explains, "the Jew whom the anti-Semite wishes to lay hands upon is not a schematic being defined solely by his function, as under administrative law; or by status or acts, as under the Code. He is a Jew, the son of a Jew, recognizable by his physique, by the colour of his hair, by his clothing perhaps, and, so they say, by his character." To the anti-Semite, the Jew's character is oily, tactless, intriguing, selfish and greedy. He believes that all Jews are this way, and therefore treats them all the same, with hatred and repulsion. While a Jew might be a successful business man, a doctor, lawyer, or teacher etc. he is also a Jew, and that is all he is recognized for in the eyes of the anti-Semite.Furthermore, Sartre argues that "if the Jew did not exist, the Anti-Semite would invent him." This is self explanatory by the fact that Jews have been used as scapegoats and will continuously be used as such in the future.

Learning in the EYFS Essay

Knowledge and understanding of the world – Knowledge and Understanding of the World relates to children’s everyday lives, their homes, families, other people, the local environment and community and the wider world. Personal, social and emotional development – The social and emotional development of a child helps practitioners/parents understand the behaviors they exhibit. Though children develop and mature at different rates, social and emotional development generally occurs in predictable stages. Communication language and literacy – Children’s learning and competence in communicating, speaking and listening, being read to and beginning to read and write must be supported and extended. They must be provided with opportunity and encouragement to use their skills in a range of situations and for a range of purposes, and be supported in developing the confidence and dispositions to do so. Problem solving reasoning and numeracy – This area mostly focuses on a child’s ability to solve simple problems and builds an awareness of shapes space and measures. Practitioners do this by looking at shapes, numbers, building bricks etc. Physical Development – Children are encouraged to take part in a variety of physical activities. Children develop physically at different stages and times. This area helps practitioners to keep track of each individual child’s development. Creative development – Being creative covers a multitude of ideas including how children express and communicate ideas. They can explore all sorts of media (eg ICT, music) and materials. They will also develop their imagination through play. Although they are all different a good planned activity will cover more than one area of development. For example, playing a snakes and ladders board game will help a child with their Problem solving, reasoning and numeracy mainly but it will also help them with their Communication, language and literacy development as they are being encouraged to communicate with other children playing the game. Also the areas are interdependent if the child is struggling with one area it can affect how they develop in other areas. For example, if a child is disabled and cannot join in physical activities this can affect their physical development but it can then also affect their communication, language and literacy and Personal, social and emotional development because they aren’t joining in with the same activities as their peers. This can be avoided or at least limited by good planning and inclusive practice. 1.2 Outcomes are given to the different areas of learning within the EYFS to ensure that practitioners have something to focus on. These outcomes are outlined within the EYFS as â€Å"overarching principles† these are: Every child is a unique child, who is constantly learning and can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured Children learn to be strong and independent through positive relationships Children learn and develop well in enabling environments, in which their experiences respond to their individual needs and there is a strong partnership between practitioners and parents and/or carers Children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates. The framework covers the education and care of all children in early years provision, including children with special educational needs and disabilities. And three main areas of development which are; Physical Development – This is the development of a child’s physical skills. It includes the Gross motor skills, such as walking, jumping, running, catching and the fine motor skills such as the pincer grip, hand-eye-coordination, doing up laces or zips. Personal Social and Emotional Development – The social and emotional development of a child helps practitioners/parents understand the behaviors they exhibit. Though children develop and mature at different rates, social and emotional development generally occurs in predictable stages. Communication and Language Development – Language development is the process by which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood. 1.3 The documented outcomes are assessed by practitioners in different ways. On-going assessments are carried out in settings frequently. Practitioners plan an activity, observe the child/children, record information and evaluate the outcome. If needed they then plan another activity and repeat the process until they get the information they need. These are also known as â€Å"formative assessments† and they are an integral part of the EYFS framework. It helps parents, carers and practitioners to constantly monitor a child’s progress and pick up on and solve problems if there are any. At the age of two a child has a progress check. This is when practitioners review their progress and produce a short written summary of a child’s development in the main areas of development. This helps to make sure a child is on track with their development and helps to identify any areas that a child may be developing at a slower rate than is expected. This can also pick up on any dis abilities or learning difficulties. If a practitioner does pick up on a learning difficulty they should put together a plan to support the child’s future learning and development. Practitioners must discuss with parents how the outcome of the assessments can be used to support the child’s development at home, and parents are encouraged to share the outcome with any relevant professionals i.e. a teacher or a health visitor. In the final term of the year in which the child turns five practitioners must complete the EYFS profile for each child. This profile must reflect on-going observation, all relevant records held by the setting, discussions with parents and carers, and any other adults whom the teacher, parent or carer judges can offer a useful contribution. The profile lets parents, carers and other professionals have an overview of a child’s knowledge, understanding and abilities, their progress against expected levels, and their readiness for year one. Year one teachers are given a copy of this profile and it will outline whether the child is meeting, exceeding or not yet reaching the expected levels of the early learning goals. I think assessments are important to Practitioners and other professionals like teachers because it helps them to work together to identify any problems that may arise with a child’s development and address the problems quickly and effectively also if the child is very quick at development it can be spotted and they can be given extra planned work to stop them from getting bored. I think it is also good for parents because they have guidance on how to help their child’s development at home.

Fiddler on the Roof Essay Example

Fiddler on the Roof Essay Example Fiddler on the Roof Paper Fiddler on the Roof Paper The opening scene bursting to life with its historical brilliance and explanation of Jewish tradition is an amazing opening to a musical. As soon as you see and hear Topol you know you are in for a wonderful treat. Tevye (Topol) a poor milkman has five young girls to feed. He battles with tradition and his love for his children. His three eldest all fall in love with men who are traditionally not acceptable, an underprivileged man, a revolutionary and a man who is not Jewish. They are eventually allowed to marry the men whom they love, with a few hiccups on the way, without the use of a matchmaker. He and all the Jewish people of Russia are forced to leave their lands and leave the country in exile. A great story of how Tevyes love, pride and faith help him face the oppression of the turn-of-the century tsarist Russia. : Norman Jewisons adaptation of Fiddler on the Roof has many great screen shots and is a visual marvel. Jewisons Fiddler on the Roof is bright, both in appearance and in mood. Jewisons vision of tsarist Russia is brilliant, bright, wonderful and yet extremely dangerous especially for the Jews. This is portrayed through costume, a great set and a brilliantly hilarious script. As aforementioned the script is brilliant and has a lot of speech for a musical. The language is perhaps more modern than it would have been in tsarist Russia however with it being written in English it is hard to tell how a Russian would have spoke. The accents that they have chosen for Fiddler on the Roof are perfect for the type of musical it is. Joseph Steins script is extremely funny and tremendously emotional. The lyrics of the songs are wonderful and proof of this is how well known and notorious the songs have become. The songs that come to mind are Matchmaker, If I Were a Rich Man and Sunrise, Sunset, even modern artists have attempted to use these songs in their profession. The signing is radiant and breathtaking which would be excellent on stage and film. Topols singing, acting and dancing combination is without a doubt the highlight of the film. Every actor even the extras are good singers, dancers and actors without a single performer lowering the brilliance of the musical. Topol is a comic genius; he has compassion for acting which is evident in Fiddler on the Roof. Leonard Frey is a fantastic supporting actor and deserves as much credit for his role in Fiddler on the Roof as any other actor. All aspects of this film are brilliant the acting, directing, lyrics, singing and dancing are all equally great. Fiddler on the Roof is stunning, elated and jubilant a musical masterpiece. Due to the great original ideas that this musical holds and the qualities that it possesses Fiddler on the Roof is without a doubt one to see. Rating: five out of five.

Free Essays on Spouse Abuse

â€Å"Spouse Abuse† Though we live in this amazing country of the United States of America, there will always be problems that must be worked on. Conflicts between family members in America are a growing problem, namely spousal abuse. Spouse abuse is a complicated issue and controversial concerning the question whether or not it is a large problem in our society. First it is crucial to define what exactly is spouse abuse. According to the Survey of Social Science it is the â€Å"Physical, psychological or sexual mistreatment that occurs in a relationship between married couples or among individuals in a sustaining partnership†(Harpaz). This mistreatment is often hiding, the spouse that’s being beat is very commonly afraid to let their situation be known to others. The woman being beat feels that it is her fault. From constant verbal and mental abuse, she is convinced that she must have done something wrong. With this feeling that she is the one which has done something wrong, she is ashamed of what is going on. Women come to think it was their fault. They feel guilty for not doing a good enough job as a mom because they are unable to protect themselves, or their children. A major obstacle to leaving is â€Å"women are in more danger when they are leaving- though everyone always asks why they stay.†(Marano) Another major obstacle to leaving is battered women’s fear of losing their children or of being unable to protect them. â€Å"A Massachusetts study documented that in 70 percent of cases where fathers attempted to get custody of their children, they did so successfully. So when the abuser says to her, Sure, you can leave, but I’ve got the money to hire a good lawyer and I’ll get the kids, he might be ri ght.†(Marano) It is only when shame is gone, those abused women can ask for help. But who can help these women so they can get out of an abusive relationship? Unfortunately, the clinics that are there to he... Free Essays on Spouse Abuse Free Essays on Spouse Abuse â€Å"Spouse Abuse† Though we live in this amazing country of the United States of America, there will always be problems that must be worked on. Conflicts between family members in America are a growing problem, namely spousal abuse. Spouse abuse is a complicated issue and controversial concerning the question whether or not it is a large problem in our society. First it is crucial to define what exactly is spouse abuse. According to the Survey of Social Science it is the â€Å"Physical, psychological or sexual mistreatment that occurs in a relationship between married couples or among individuals in a sustaining partnership†(Harpaz). This mistreatment is often hiding, the spouse that’s being beat is very commonly afraid to let their situation be known to others. The woman being beat feels that it is her fault. From constant verbal and mental abuse, she is convinced that she must have done something wrong. With this feeling that she is the one which has done something wrong, she is ashamed of what is going on. Women come to think it was their fault. They feel guilty for not doing a good enough job as a mom because they are unable to protect themselves, or their children. A major obstacle to leaving is â€Å"women are in more danger when they are leaving- though everyone always asks why they stay.†(Marano) Another major obstacle to leaving is battered women’s fear of losing their children or of being unable to protect them. â€Å"A Massachusetts study documented that in 70 percent of cases where fathers attempted to get custody of their children, they did so successfully. So when the abuser says to her, Sure, you can leave, but I’ve got the money to hire a good lawyer and I’ll get the kids, he might be ri ght.†(Marano) It is only when shame is gone, those abused women can ask for help. But who can help these women so they can get out of an abusive relationship? Unfortunately, the clinics that are there to he...

A Reflection on the Qur'an, Heritage and Education Essay

A Reflection on the Qur'an, Heritage and Education - Essay Example This essay reflects on his ideas on the subjects of the Qur’an, laws, and education. It agrees with the foundations that the Qur’an laid for a comprehensive viewpoint on lawmaking and legal interpretation, as well as on a modern educational system that balances religious and rational sciences. The Qur’an is the foundation of Islam, which supports it as a way of life. The Qur’an is different from other religious texts, because it focuses on the moral development of humanity in a tangible and communal way (Rahman 2). It is different from Buddhist and Taoist texts that tend to be metaphysical or individualist in orientation. The Holy Bible of Christianity also attempts to morally guide Christians as individuals and as a community, but it does not attempt to affect the legal and political dimensions of human living. The Qur’an, on the other hand, is a blueprint not only for individual living, but how individuals should live together. It is a practical a nd moral guide for numerous issues, including peace, war, and various other public and private affairs (Rahman 2). This paper believes then that the basis of saying that Islam is a way of living is because the Qur’an provides for the direction of that way of living. In Christian societies, the Church and the law are separate, and so are the Church and legislative and executive functions of society. Muslim jurists, on the contrary, use the Qur’an to find answers to both historical and present-day legal questions and cases (Rahman 2). The idea is that God lives through the words of the Qur’an and to follow it completely entails that Muslims should believe in and depend on the Qur’an completely. This way, they truly fully surrender to Allah through living the Qur’an in every aspect of their existence. This essay agrees with Rahman that one of the main problems with present Islamic jurisprudence is the failure of jurists to have a unified reading of th e Qur’an, which leads to an atomistic and insufficient understanding of the verses and the entire Qur’an itself. Rahman criticizes the deductive reasoning used on the Qur’an, such as using qiyas, or analogical reasoning, because it reduces it to its parts, instead of using the parts to appreciate it as a whole (Rahman 2). Like Rahman, this essay believes that to properly read the Qur’an, people must go beyond literally reading the verses, and instead, they must read it in relation to the whole of the text too. In other words, the process starts from the specific and then goes to the general goals and values of the text. Rahman is concerned that by diving the text into verses, they will have unintended legal and religious interpretations (Rahman 2-3). In order to properly read the Qur’an, this paper believes too that the thought systems must come from it, and not from external sources, like what the Sufis did (Rahman 3). This way, fundamental ideas and thought structures will be derived from the Qur’an itself and not from the outside, which are forced on the Qur’an instead (Rahman 3). Rahman calls his process as a new hermeneutical method that highlights the cognitive aspect of the Qur’an (4). It consists of studying the Qur’an using its text, instead of relying on external resources to make sense of it. For me, it means that interpreting the Qur’an does not require outside sources, but an analysis of what the text means in its parts and then as a whole. The idea is to go inside the

The driving forces in the changing role of accountants Literature review

The driving forces in the changing role of accountants - Literature review Example new business models and shifts in business-oriented demographics.In total, these forces of change are pushing or driving new societal values, expectations and needs and is entrusting more accountabilities on accountants to respond to these changes. In short, these changes are changing every feature of our globe in general and thrusting new duties on accountants in particular. Due to changes in the business sector due to various factors as enumerated below, there is an increasing recognition in business community for the need to develop a thorough understanding of these changes and other upcoming drivers of change and to equip themselves for a wide scale of probable future scenarios. Hence, it is significant and vital for the accounting profession to recognise the major factors and forces that are likely to shape the future. This will facilitate them to face sprouting shocks and to capitalise by acquiring new talents and skills. The study of drivers of change is important to the accountaning profession and for business executives so as to make them to prepare for the challenges from an indecisive tomorrow. This research study will investigate the promising drivers of change that could have the severe effect on accountancy profession and for the business over the ensuing decades. This study has referred various previous empirical studies on the subject to prove its research hypothesis, i.e. the important drivers for change in the role of accountants in the ensuing decade. This research study makes an attempt to offer a balanced picture on the effect of changing roles of the accounting professionals in the ensuing 5 to 10 years. The main research question will be â€Å"what are the driving forces in the changing roles of the accounting professionals in the coming decade and what the opportunity and confronts will it foster for the accounting professionals? This research study will mainly use secondary data like books, peer view journal articles, previous

Sonnet Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sonnet Poetry - Essay Example The poem has fourteen rhymed lines. Each of the lines consists of ten syllables. Per se, this is the basic form of the sonnet. It also has a variety of rhymes that count to seven pair’s altogether (Raymond & Alden). The poem is printed as an unbroken fourteen-liner rather than two sections of the eight lines and six lines. However, it is still possible to observe an octave and a sestet in the poem with a definite turn between them. The main introductory word between them is the word ‘but’. Sonnet 18 follows the structure of many English poems where it is divided lines of roughly ten syllables with five stresses (Raymond & Alden). The sonnet is also written in iambic form. It is observable that there are lines of poetry that repeatedly use an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Shakespeare utilized rhythm in his works. The rhythm often conditions the manner in which the reader reads the poem. Per se, it also shapes the meaning within which, a reader deduces from the poem. Sonnet 18 has three ways it can be red, an octave, a sestet and also a three quatrains. Three quatrains mean three units of four lines followed by a closing couplet of two rhymed lines (Raymond & Alden). Sonnet 18 makes an immediate comparison between the poet’s friend and the beauty of a summer’s day. The poet uses the simile technique of comparing items. There are other lines that make use of metaphor to bring out the meaning such s line five. In line five, the sun becomes the eye of heaven (Raymond & Alden). The metaphor is also extended to line six where the sun becomes a human face with a good complexion. He also talks about summer and says that it is not going to fade away. ‘But thy eternal summer shall not fade. Comparing summer with youth is a perfect method of depicting optimism. It should be noted that winter is considered as a bad weather in which the sky is bleak; the wind is cold while summers are its

Harlem Renaissance Essay Example for Free

Harlem Renaissance Essay I. Introduction The Atlantic slave trade caused the large movement of Africans across different parts of the world largely in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. This African Diaspora brought about eleven million of black people in the New World (P. Larson. â€Å"Reconsidering Trauma, Identity, and the African Diaspora: Enslavement and Historical Memory in Nineteenth-Century Highland Madagascar†). The descendants of those that were brought in the Americas, chiefly those in the United States working as slaves in the south, later experienced another diaspora: moving from the south to the north to escape the hardships brought about by intense racial discrimination. A large portion had settled in the city of Harlem, New York City which opened up a surge of excellent creative works done by blacks and became in vogue for some time. This period came to be known as the Harlem Renaissance, also variously known as the New Negro Movement, or the New Negro Renaissance. This was a period of outstanding creativity expressed in visual arts, writings, and music during this large movement of black population, wherein the African-American Diaspora has moved into larger cities. It changed the character of black American artworks, from conventional imitations of white artists to sophisticated explorations and expressions of black life and culture that revealed and stimulated a new confidence and racial pride. The movement centered in the vast black ghetto of Harlem, in New York City, thus the name of the movement. Harlem became the place of gathering for aspiring black artists, writers, and musicians, sharing their experiences and providing mutual encouragement for one another. The term Harlem â€Å"Renaissance† is a misnomer. If measured by quantity alone, it was more a birth than a â€Å"rebirth†, for never before had so many black Americans produced so much literary, artistic, and scholarly material at the same time. If measured by quality, however, it was actually a continuum, the quickening of a lively stream fed earlier by the important works of poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, novelist and short story writer Charles W. Chestnutt, poet and novelist Hames Weldon Johnson and the essays of Du Bois. The Harlem Renaissance created a significant breakthrough, wherein it marked the first time wherein literary and artistic works done by African Americans gained in national attention and interest. Doors of opportunities were opened for such works to be publicized and presented to the general public, which before were not possible. Although its main achievement is found primarily in literature, it also bore the great African-American works in politics and other creative mediums such as visual art, music, and theater that explored different aspects of black American life (R. Twombly. â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). II. Background and Discussion During the early part of the 1900s, Black Nationalism and racial consciousness began to emerge particularly during the 1920’s. One key factor that helped this development was the surfacing of the black middle class, which in turn were brought about by the increasing number of educated blacks who had found employment opportunities and a certain degree of economic advancement after the American Civil War (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). During World War I, thousands of black people left the depressed rural South for jobs in northern defense plants. Known as the Great Migration, more African Americans established themselves in cities such as Harlem, in New York City. They were socially conscious, and became a center of political and cultural development of the black Americans. This population created racial tensions over housings and employment that resulted in increased black militancy about rights, including vigorous agitation by the national Association for the Advancement of colored People (NAACP) and other civil rights organizations. Foremost for this black movement’s agenda, which was expressed in various mediums, is to clamor for racial equality. Championing the cause were black intellectuals W.E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke. White responses to these developments were both negative and positive. The Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups reached their peak of northern popularity during the 1920’s. At the same time unprecedented white interest in racial maters created a large audience for black authors who began to settle in the district of New York City known as Harlem. Like other black ghettoes, Harlem was a new, untapped source of themes and materials, which partially accounts for its popularity among artists and intellectuals, but unlike other ghettoes it was a newly constructed, fashionable, residential section. Functioning as a kind of black mecca, Harlem’s excellent housing, its prestige, excitement, and cosmopolitan flavor, attracted a black middle class from which sprang its artistic and literary set. A. General Characteristics Not all works during this movement is militant in nature. However, participants and contributors in the Renaissance were intensely race-conscious, proud of their heritage of being black, and much in love with their community. Most of them, some more subtly than others, criticized racial exploitation. Partly as a tribute to their achievements and partly as a reflection of their racial self-awareness, the Renaissance members were collectively called â€Å"New Negroes†, also indicating that they had replaced the (largely white created) literary image of the comic, pathetic plantation Negro with the proud, busy, independent black man of the northern city. The â€Å"New Negroes† were generally integrationists, optimistically interpreting their own individual successes as harbingers of improvement in race relations. Acceptance from Harpers, Harcourt, Brace, Viking, Boni Livewright, Knopf, and other front-line publishers began coming through quick succession, boosting more optimism among African-American contributors of the Harlem Renaissance. Rather than depicting a new movement of style, the art during the Harlem Renaissance is united by their common aspiration of depicting and expressing in artistic form the African-American psyche and life. Common characteristics can be found among such works such as the birth of racial pride among black Americans. This called for tracing its roots and origin by taking attention and interest to the life of blacks primarily in Africa and South America. Also, such strong social and racial consciousness brought a strong desire for equality in the American society, both socially and politically. But one of the most common and significant characteristic of the Harlem Renaissance was the abundant production of a variety of creative expressions. Diversity was the main distinctive quality, brought about by an experimental spirit of the movement such as in music which ranged from blues, jazz, to orchestra music. B. Primary Artist of the Harlem Renaissance:   Aaron Douglas (1898-1979) The celebrated artist of the Harlem Renaissance was Aaron Douglas, who chose to depict the New Negro Movement through African images which bore â€Å"primitive† techniques: paintings in geometric shapes, flat, and rugged edges. In his works, Douglas wanted the viewers to know and recognize the African-American identity. As such, Aaron Douglas is often referred to as the â€Å"Father of African American Art†. Born in Topeka, Kansas, Douglas was able to finish his B.A degree. Moving to Harlem in 1925, Aaron immediately set to work, creating illustrations for prominent magazines of the Harlem Renaissance. Douglas was influenced in his modernist style under the tutelage of German artist Winold Reiss, a style which marked most of his celebrated works and incorporating both African and Egyptian strokes of illustration and design. It was Reis who encouraged Douglas to take African design into his works which became his trademark (â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas†). Such manner of African â€Å"primitive† style caught the attention of the main proponents of the Harlem Renaissance, namely W.E.B. Dubois and Alain Locke who found Douglas’ works as an appropriate embodiment of the African-American heritage. They were encouraging young artists to depict their African legacy through their artworks. Even though at a time when DuBois stilled considered Henry Tanner more important, Douglas has fairly established a reputation as the leading visual artist of his time. Harlem Renaissance painters are united by the desire to promote and portray the life and condition of blacks, particularly African-Americans. However, at this point the similarity ends. Harlem Renaissance artworks are as varied in style as the artists themselves. Although like Douglas, most painters of this period received formal trainings and as such, their style and strokes are no different from other non-black artists. What only separate the artists of the Harlem Renaissance from others are their themes and subjects. III. Conclusion A. Ending and Significance As a conclusion, one of the strengths of the Harlem Renaissance was also a serious weakness. Because they were dependent on white patrons and viewers for popularity, black artists were not fully free to explore the mechanisms that perpetrated racial injustice, nor could they propose solutions unacceptable to whites. Furthermore, when the Great Depression dominated American life during the 1930’s, the whites, who had been the bulk of the Renaissance audience, concentrated on economics and politics, oblivious to black American suffering. American arts and letters took up new themes, and although the best artists continued to work, they ultimately lost popularity. The Great Depression drove many black artists to scatter; and were mostly forced to leave New York or to take other jobs to tide them over the hard times. Creativity was drowned by necessity. Nevertheless, despite its many weaknesses and disadvantages, the Harlem Renaissance was a milestone in black American culture and the basis for later achievements.

How Technology Has Progressed Over The Years History Essay

How Technology Has Progressed Over The Years History Essay Throughout history technology has been progressing very rapidly. Man has created things that are used in daily life everyday. Inventions from the creation of fire to the telephone have changed life immensely. In the year 2010 people do not notice how life would be without our everyday tools such as the computer or the light bulb. People today heavily rely on these items that it would be very difficult to live without them. One invention that changed life was the creation of the automobile. Looking back the automobile has been here for a very long time. Since the 1700s Man has tried to create a tool that would help someone progress faster than on foot. From the steam engine to the electric car the automobiles design has came a long way. The automobile was created for one simple method of easy and faster way of travel. Through time the automobiles main function has changed. When it was created its sole purpose was just take someone from point A to point B. In the 1930s the role of cars changed. During the 1930s America was going through the Great depression. The Great Depression was a very struggling time for many Americans. Many families were forced into poverty and their everyday lifestyle changed. Cars became a big part of society. Even with many people in debt during that time there was still a need to have social class. The few individuals that could afford to pay for more luxurious cars bought to show how hard times do not affect them. Back then cars did not come with all the gadgets they have today but there was a difference in class. Cars were not just a method of travel but to some during those times, it was there home. In the 1930s there was a variety of new innovative cars being processed into the world. In the 1920s America was going through the vintage era. In the 1920s most cars were just a luxury but through time it became easier for cars to become produced faster and cheaper. New techniques such as the assembly line help build the widespread of cars. The ford model t was one of the first cars to be mass-produced with the assembly line. By the time the 1930s came around cars have already been apart of average American life. When the Great depression hit the production of cars in America had decreased immensely. Cars such as the Auburn 1931 Convertible Cabriolet were very affordable during those times. It was priced at $1045 Includes finest leather upholstery specially designed window construction that positively prevents rattle finger tip door handles and adjustable steering wheel in the Convertible Cabriolet. Another Car that set new standaards for cars was the Cadillac v-16. The new car attr acted rave reviews from the press and huge public attention. Cadillac started production of the new car immediately. January production averaged a couple of cars per day, but was then ramped up to twenty-two cars per day. By April, 1,000 units had been built, and by June, 2,000 cars. These could be ordered with a wide variety of bodywork. The Fleetwood catalog for the 1930 V-16 included 10 basic body styles; there was also an envelope containing some 30 additional designers drawings. Research by the Cadillac-La Salle Club, Inc. puts at 70 the number of different job/style numbers built by Fisher and Fleetwood on the sixteen chassis. Beginning in June 1930, six new V-16s participated in a promotional tour of major European cities including Paris, Antwerp, Brussels, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Berlin, Cologne, Dresden, Frankfurt, Hamburg, MÃ ¼nich, NÃ ¼remberg, Vienna (where they won prizes), Berne, Geneva, Lausanne, ZÃ ¼rich, Madrid, San Sebastian, La Baule and Ange rs. On the return journey from Spain, the V16 caravan stopped also in the town of Cadillac, in south-western France, although that city bears no relationship to the marque, other than its name. After the peak in V-16 orders in mid 1930, production fell precipitously. During October 1930, only 54 cars were built. The lowest figures for the 452/452A cars of 1930-31 were August 1931 (7 units) and November 1931 (6 units). Minimum production continued throughout the rest of the decade with a mere 50 units being built both in 1935 and in 1937. 1940 was only marginally better with a total of 51 units. Not surprisingly, Cadillac later estimated that they lost money on every single V-16 they sold. But during that time your car was not just a car but your home. In the 1930s because of the great depression, your car became your home for many. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the worlds economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, starting with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday), but quickly spread to almost every country in the world. Many people because of this had lost there homes because they could not afford to live in it anymore, they began to use there cars as there homes. The first mobile homes were created during the 1930s. In order to save on gas people would use there cars as a wagon by attaching horses to the vehicle. Man y farmers used this method to travel. The term hitchhike was first originated in the 1930s.Because not everyone could afford a car but needed to travel,they would try to hitch a ride with passer byers.Many people charged hitchhikers a small fee.People tried to make business of each other in order to fight the depression. The idea that in order to survive ment that you had to do anything in order to save yourself. Your car was probably the only item that you kept since the depression. Everything that would not help americans would get rid off because it would only hold them back from survival. Even with the Great Depression there were stilll grand prix racing taking place. Beginning in 1934, the Germans stopped painting their cars, after the paint had been left off a Mercedes-Benz W25 in an effort to reduce weight. The unpainted metal soon had the German vehicles dubbed by the media as the Silver Arrows.French cars continued to dominate (led by Bugatti, but also including Delage and Delahaye) until the late 1920s, when the Italians (Alfa Romeo and Maserati) began to beat the French cars regularly. At the time, the Germans engineered unique race vehicles as seen in the photo here with the Benz aerodynamic teardrop body introduced at the 1923 European Grand Prix at Monza by Karl Benz. In the 1930s, however, nationalism entered a new phase when the Nazis encouraged Mercedes and Auto Union to further the glory of the Reich. (The government did provide some money to the two manufacturers, but the extent of the aid into their hands was exaggerated in the media; government subsid ies amounted to perhaps 10% or less of the costs of running the two racing teams.)[6] The two German marques utterly dominated the period from 1935 to 1939, winning all but three of the official Championship Grands Prix races run in those years. The cars by this time were single-seaters (the riding mechanic vanished in the early 1920s), with 8 to 16 cylinder supercharged engines producing upwards of 600Â  hp (450Â  kW) on alcohol fuels. As early as October 1923, the idea of an automobile championship was discussed at the annual autumn conference of the AIACR (Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus) in Paris. However, discussion centered around the increased interest in racing by manufacturers and holding the first European Grand Prix at Monza in 1923. The first World Championship took place in 1925, but it was for manufacturers only, consisting of four races of at least 800Â  km (497Â  mi) in length. The races that formed the first Constructors Championship wer e the Indianapolis 500, the European Grand Prix, and the French and Italian Grands Prix. A European Championship, consisting of the major Grand Prix in a number of countries (named Grandes Epreuves) was instituted for drivers in 1935, and was competed every year until the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Cars during 1930s influenced American life in many ways. They set a new standard for living. Even with the hard times and stuggle americans still felt the importance of buying cars. Automobiles has been something since time that had grabbed Americas wallets since the begginging. Today there is still the same basic need ot have the best car. Every year there is a new must have design that people want to buy. Cars are something that is a basic necessity. No one knows what will be the next big thing in the automobile indusrty.